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Contents
Contents
1. General Presentation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The anelastic system
1.3 Thermodynamic Variables
1.4 Water
1.5 Geographical Systems
1.6 Vertical Coordinate
1.7 References
2. Basic Equations
2.1 A Family of Anelastic Approximations
2.2 Preliminary Definitions
2.3 Reference State
2.4 Equation of State
2.5 Anelastic Constraint
2.6 Conservation of Momentum
2.7 Hydrostatic Equation
2.8 Thermodynamic Equation
2.9 Conservation of Moisture
2.10 Conservation of Passive Scalars
2.11 Conservation of Total Mass
2.12 Pressure Equation
2.13 Boundary Conditions
2.14 Energy and Potential Vorticity Conservation
2.15 References
3. Coordinate Systems
3.1 Conformal Projections and Terrain Following Coordinates
3.1.1 Gal-Chen and Sommerville vertical coordinate
3.1.2 Polar stereographic and Lambert Projections:
3.1.3 Mercator Projection:
3.2 Calculus in Non Orthogonal Coordinates
3.2.1 Metric Coefficients
3.2.2 Covariant Basis
3.2.3 Jacobian
3.2.4 Contravariant Basis
3.2.5 Spatial derivatives of the Cartesian basis
3.2.6 Gradient
3.2.7 Divergence
3.2.8 Divergence of a Tensor Product
3.2.9 Coriolis Force
3.3 Model Equations in Non Orthogonal Coordinates
3.3.1 Prognostic Variables
3.3.2 The contravariant components of the wind
3.3.3 Momentum Equation
3.3.4 Thermodynamic Equation
3.3.5 Water and Other Scalars
3.3.6 Continuity Equation
3.3.7 Pressure Equation
3.4 Degenerated Forms
3.4.1 Thin shell approximation
3.4.2 Cartesian Coordinate System
3.4.3 Flagged Equations
3.5 References
4. Discretization
4.1 Stretching
4.2 Location of the Variables on the Grid
4.3 Schuman Operators
4.4 Grid Generation
4.5 Metric Coefficients and Jacobian
4.6 Contravariant Velocity Components
4.7 Time Derivatives
4.8 Advection
4.9 Curvature Terms
4.10 Coriolis Force
4.11 Pressure Gradient
4.12 Buoyancy Term
4.13 Thermodynamic Equation
4.14 Continuity Equation
4.15 Pressure Equation
5. Lateral Boundary Conditions
5.1 Principles and equations
5.1.1 Cyclic boundary condition (CLBCX or CLBCY = 'CYCL')
5.1.2 Rigid wall lateral boundary condition ('WALL')
5.1.3 Wave-radiation open boundary ('OPEN')
5.1.4 Combinations of different types of l.b.c.
5.1.5 The coupling
5.2 Discretization and implementation
5.2.1 Grid structure
5.2.2 Cyclic l.b.c. ('CYCL')
5.2.3 Rigid wall l.b.c. ('WALL')
5.2.4 Wave-radiation open boundary ('OPEN')
6. Grid Nesting
6.1 Principles
6.2 Basic choices
6.3 Averaging and interpolation procedures
6.3.1 Interpolation operators
6.3.2 Averaging operators
6.4 Implementation of the nesting
6.5 Preparation of a nested simulation (Spawning)
6.5.1 Horizontal grid configuration
6.5.2 Interpolation operators
6.5.3 Specific treatments for spawning
7. Positive Advection Schemes For Scalar Variables
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Flux-Corrected Transport
7.2.1 Description
7.2.2 Discretization
7.2.3 Boundary Conditions
7.3 Multidimensional Positive Definite Advection Transport Algorithm (MPDATA)
7.3.1 MPDATA Description
7.3.2 Discretization
7.3.3 Boundary Conditions
7.4 Evaluation of FCT and MPDATA advection schemes
7.5 References
8. Numerical diffusion terms
8.1 Background diffusion
8.1.1 Diffusion operator
8.1.2 Choice of the diffusion coefficient
8.2 Top absorbing layer
8.3 Lateral sponge zone
9. The pressure problem
9.1 Continuous pressure equation
9.1.1 Full elliptic problem
9.1.2 Conjugate gradient algorithm
9.1.3 Richardson's method
9.1.4 Flat operator
9.2 Discrete pressure equation
9.2.1 Full elliptic problem
9.2.2 Flat operator
10. Initial Fields for Idealized Flows
10.1 Input Atmospheric Profile
10.2 Vertical Profile on the Model Grid
10.3 Wind and Mass Fields in the absence of Orography
10.4 Add a Perturbation
10.5 Wind and Mass Fields with Orography
10.6 Enforcement of the Anelastic Constraint
10.7 Analytical 3D fields
11. Forced Mode Version
11.1 Purpose
11.2 Modified equations
11.3 Interpolation
11.4 Discretization
12. Examples of Idealized Simulations
12.1 How to select the timestep length to perform a Meso-NH simulation?
12.2 Idealized 2D Mountain Waves
12.2.1 Linear hydrostatic case:
12.2.2 Non-Linear hydrostatic case:
12.2.3 Non-hydrostatic case:
12.2.4 Namelist Files
12.3 Idealized 3D Mountain Waves
12.3.1 Physical context
12.3.2 The analytic solution
12.3.3 Simulations
12.3.4 Namelist Files
12.4 Idealized 3D Baroclinic Waves
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 Validation simulation
12.4.3 Control simulation
12.4.4 Namelist Files
12.4.5 References
13. Initial Fields for Real Flows
13.1 General Presentation
13.1.1 Initialization for a one-model run, from operationel models
13.1.2 Initialization for a one-model run, from a Meso-NH file
13.1.3 Initialization for a nesting run
13.2 The PREP_REAL_CASE algorithm
13.3 Horizontal interpolation
13.3.1 Introduction
13.3.2 The interpolation algorithm
13.3.3 Definition of interpolated fields
13.4 The different grids
13.5 Altitude of the Aladin points and conversion of the variables
13.6 Interpolation to mixed grid
13.7 The shifting process
13.8 Vertical interpolation
13.9 Reference State
13.10 Computation of the total dry air mass
13.11 Anelastic Constraint
14. Physiographic Data
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The surface cover types
14.2.1 On the world, except Europe
14.2.2 On Europe, for the 1km map
14.3 Fields deduced from the surface cover types
14.3.1 Sea, inland water, town and artificial surfaces, natural and cultivated landscape
14.3.2 Artificial parameters
14.3.3 Water parameters
14.3.4 Main natural landscape parameters parameters
14.3.5 Other natural landscape parameters parameters
14.4 Soil characteristics
14.4.1 Composition of the soil
14.4.2 Color of the soil
14.5 Orography
14.5.1 Mean orography
14.5.2 Envelope orography
14.5.3 Silhouette orography
14.6 Subgrid-scale orographic parameters
14.6.1 Roughness length for momentum
14.6.2 Subgrid-scale orography structure
14.7 Appendix: default parameters for the ecosystems
14.8 References
15. Surface Processes Scheme
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fluxes over water surfaces
15.2.1 Free water surfaces
15.2.2 Sea ice
15.3 Urban and artificial areas: the TEB surface cheme
15.4 Soil and Vegetation
15.4.1 Treatment of the soil heat content
15.4.2 Treatment of the soil water
15.4.3 Treatment of the intercepted water
15.4.4 Treatment of soil ice
15.4.5 Treatment of the snow
15.4.6 The surface fluxes
15.4.7 Summary of Useful Parameters
15.4.8 Apendix A: Continuous formulation of the soil secondary parameters
15.4.9 Appendix B: Gaussian formulation for the coefficient
15.5 References
16. Convection Scheme
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Mass Flux equations
16.3 Cloud Model
16.3.1 Key cloud levels
16.3.2 Trigger Function
16.3.3 Updraft
16.3.4 Downdraft
16.3.5 Closure
16.4 Discussion
16.5 Appendix
16.5.1 Definition of latent and specific heats
16.5.2 Derivation of
16.5.3 Definition of saturation mixing ratios
16.5.4 Precipitation efficiency
16.6 References
17. Microphysical Scheme for Warm Clouds
17.1 Equations
17.2 Raindrops characteristics
17.2.1 Distribution
17.2.2 Fall velocity
17.3 Explicit sources
17.3.1 Autoconversion
17.3.2 Accretion
17.3.3 Rain evaporation
17.3.4 Rain sedimentation
17.4 Implicit sources
17.5 Global correction for negative values
17.6 Practical implementation
17.7 Available options and summary of the ajustable constants
17.8 References
18. Microphysical scheme for atmospheric ice
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Purpose of the parameterization
18.1.2 Representation of the ice categories
18.1.3 General characteristics of the ice crystals
18.1.4 Nomenclature
18.1.5 Outlines of the microphysical scheme for mixed phase clouds
18.2 Microphysical processes
18.2.1 Summary of the scheme
18.2.2 Warm processes
18.2.3 Heterogeneous nucleation
18.2.4 Homogeneous Nucleation
18.2.5 Deposition(Sublimation) of water vapor
18.2.6 Bergeron-Findeisen effect
18.2.7 Autoconversion of primary ice crystal to form aggregates
18.2.8 Contact freezing of raindrops to form graupeln
18.2.9 Collection growth of the aggregates
18.2.10 Wet/dry growth of the graupeln:
18.2.11 Melting of ice crystals
18.2.12 Sedimentation rates
18.3 Integration of the equations of conservation
18.3.1 System of equation
18.3.2 Positivity adjustments
18.3.3 Ordering the integration of the microphysical sources
18.3.4 Water vapor adjustments
18.4 References
19. Turbulence Scheme
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Turbulent fluxes in a cartesian frame
19.3 Turbulence kinetic energy equation
19.4 Closure by Mixing Length
19.4.1 The grid-size
19.4.2 Bougeault-Lacarrère mixing length
19.4.3 Qualitative Behaviour of the 1D dry system with BL length
19.5 Closure by dissipation equation
19.6 Terrain-following coordinate system
19.7 Spatial Discretization
19.8 Boundary conditions
19.8.1 Lateral Boundary Conditions
19.8.2 Upper Boundary Condition
19.8.3 Surface Boundary Conditions
19.8.4 Extrapolation of gradients
19.9 Semi-implicit time discretization
20. Sub-Grid Condensation Scheme
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Definition of conservative variables
20.3 Retrieval of cloud water mixing ratio
20.4 Flux of liquid water
20.5 Closure of the scheme
20.6 Buoyancy flux
20.7 Modification to the mixing length
20.8 Spatial Discretization
20.9 Practical implementation
20.10 References
21. The radiation parameterization
21.1 Introduction to the radiation code
21.1.1 Purpose
21.1.2 The Fouquart-Morcrette radiation code and its Méso-NH interface
21.1.3 Outline of the scheme
21.2 Longwave radiation
21.4
21.2.1 First glance
21.2.2 Vertical integration
21.2.3 Spectral integration
21.2.4 Incorporation of the effects of clouds
21.3 Solar radiation
21.6
21.3.1 First glance
21.3.2 Spectral integration
21.3.3 Vertical integration
21.3.4 Multiple reflections between layers
21.3.5 Cloud shortwave optical properties
21.4 Additional features of the radiation computations
21.4.1 Solar astronomy
21.4.2 Surface slope angles
21.4.3 Upper level extensions
21.5 Intermittent radiation call
21.6 References
22. Budget Analysis
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Budget definition
22.2.1 Equations
22.2.2 Average operators
23. Atmospheric Chemistry
23.1 Overview
23.2 Basic equations
23.3 Stiff solvers
23.4 Modification of the reaction scheme
23.5 0-D box model
23.6 Dry deposition of trace species
23.6.1 Meso-NH surface for dry deposition
23.6.2 Aerodynamic resistance
23.6.3 Quasi-laminar resistance
23.6.4 Surface Resistance
23.6.5 Dry deposition velocity formulation
23.7 Photolysis rates
23.7.1 Background
23.7.2 Cloud Attenuation
23.8 Cloud Dynamics and Chemistry
23.8.1 Model description
23.8.2 Subgrid Convective Cloud Scheme
23.8.3 Resolved Cloud Scheme
23.9 References
24. The Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism RACM
serveur WWW de Meso-NH
2002-01-08